What does soil compaction refer to?

Soil compaction refers specifically to the compression of soils, which occurs when soil particles are pressed together, reducing the spaces (pores) between them. This process can result from the pressure of heavy machinery, foot traffic, or natural processes such as wetting and drying cycles. When soil compaction happens, it increases the density of the soil, affects the soil's structure, and can significantly impact water infiltration, aeration, root penetration, and the overall health of soil organisms.

The compression of soil can lead to several negative effects on plant growth and soil ecology. For example, compacted soils can hinder root development because roots struggle to penetrate dense, compacted substrates. Additionally, less pore space in compacted soil can lead to poor drainage and reduced air exchange, which are essential for healthy plant roots and microbial activity. This highlights the importance of understanding soil compaction when managing soil health and fertility.

In contrast, the thickening of the soil surface, decreased soil temperature, and increased organic matter do not accurately describe the phenomenon of soil compaction and its implications for soil health. The thickening of the soil surface might relate to erosion or sedimentation processes, decreased soil temperature may involve factors like shade or moisture levels rather than compaction, and